Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Payame Noor University (PNU)

2 پیام نور

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to design a model of the role of social exchange in the responsibility of the elite referees of Asian football and football. The statistical population of this study included elite football referees and Asian futsal men in two sections of men and women who were in the 2017 Elite list of Asian referees. With regard to the limited population of the population, sampling was a total of 292 individuals in the study. The research method is descriptive and is a type of structural equation that has been implemented as a field. Data were gathered using social researcher-made questionnaire and accountability questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were used. The results showed that organizational support and social support have a positive and significant effect on the responsibility of referees. On the other hand, social exchange had a positive and significant impact on the social, legal, economic and moral responsibility of referees. Also, the path analysis method of social exchange with positive and significant responsibility (T = -2.5 = 2, PC = 0.26).

Keywords

  1. Alan N, Tom W, Adam W. Improved training of football referees and the decline in home advantage post-WW2. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013, 14:220-227.
  2. Alonso S, Cabrerizo FJ, Chiclana F, Herrera F, Herrera-Viedma E. Group decision making with incomplete fuzzy linguistic preference relations. International Journal of Intelligent Systems,2009, 24: 201–222.
  3. Anderson KJ, Pierce DA. Officiating bias: the effect of foul differential on foul calls in NCAA basketball. Journal of Sports Science. 2009, 27: 687–694.
  4. Andre P, Georg W, Alpers Andrea NN, Michelle GC. Avoidant decision-making in social anxiety disorder: A laboratory task linked to in vivo anxiety and treatment outcome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2015, 73: 96-103.
  5. Andrew M, Lane Alan M, Nevill Nahid S, Nigel B. Soccer referee decision-making: shall i blow the whistle? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2006, 5: 243-253.
  6. Ardalan MR, Ghanbari S, Beheshtirad R, Navidi P. The Impact of Social Capital and Social Responsibility on Organizational Commitment. Journal of Measuring and Educational Evaluation Studies. 2015, 5(10):109-132. (Persian).
  7. Ashley M, Geigera Natalie J, Sabika B, Sarah B, Lupisa Kirsten M, Renec Jutta M. Perceived appearance judgments moderate the biological stresseffects of social exchanges, Biological Psychology, 2014, 103: 297-304.
  8. Bay N, Soleimani R, Alidost E. Study of the effect of job satisfaction and perceived organizational support on the quality of services provided by employees of Golestan province sport and youth departments. Journal of Organizational Behavioral Management in Sport Studies, 2018, 4(4):31-40. (Persian).
  1. Berezka SM, Сhopilko TG.   An investigation of individual functionality football referees qualifications. physical education of students, 2014, 24: 47-55.
  1. Carmelo R, Eduardo G, Juan G, Cegarra N. The influence of corporate social responsibility practices on organizational performance: evidence from Eco-Responsible Spanish firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 23: 1-15.
  2. Cevat C, Ozge EY. The relationship among organizational trust, multidimensional organizational commitment and perceived organizational support in educational organizations. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012, 46: 5763–5776.
  3. David J, Hancock DM, Ste M. Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2013, 14: 66-71.
  4. Dirk DC, Dimo D, Narongsak T. The moderating impact of internal social exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation–performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 2010, 25: 87-103.
  5. Dirk DC, Dimo, D, Narongsak T. The moderating impact of internal social exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation–performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 2010, 25: 87–103.
  6. Dohmen TJ. The influence of social forces: evidence from the behavior of football referees. Economic Inquiry, 2008, 46(3): 411-424.
  7. Ester GG, Mercedes PM, Joaquín HF. Investigating the relationship between corporate social responsibility and earnings management: Evidence from Spain. Business Research Quarterly, 2016, 51: 14-21.
  8. Filizöz,B. and Fisne, M. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Study of Striking Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Sport Management, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 24, 1405 1417.
  9. Jessica R, Carre Daniel NJ. The impact of social support and coercion salience on Dark Triad decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 2016, 94: 92–95.
  10. Lee YK, Kim Y, Lee KH, Li D. The impact of CSR on relationship qualityand relationship outcomes: a perspective of service employees. International Journal Hospital Managemant. 2012, 31(3): 745–756.
  11. Mascarenhas DRD, O’ Hare D, Plessner H. The psychological and performance demand sofassociation football refereeing. InternationalJournalofSportPsychol- ogy, 2006, 37: 99–120.
  12. Merigó JM, Gil-Lafuente AM. New decision making techniques and their application in the selection of financial products. Information Sciences, 2010, 180: 2085–2094.
  13. Mesut Y, Umut H, I, Alpaslan F. Fair referee assignments for professional football leagues. Computers & Operations Research. 2008, 35: 2937–2951.
  14. Mirdar SH, Gharakhanlo R, Mabhotmaghadam T, Sadeghpor B. Study of the amount of work and some physiological indices of elite football referees of Iran. Journal of olympic, 2010, 51: 69-79. (Persian).
  15. Mohamadi M. Relationship of social responsibility and ethical atmosphere with perceived sport performance. Master's Thesis. Shahroud University of Technology. 2017 (Persian).
  16. Nazari R, Salehi A. Presentation of Structural Equation Modeling Effect of Communication Skills on Refereeing Skills and Efficiency of Iranian Football Premier League Referees. Journal of New Approaches in Sport Management, 2018, 16: 49-60. (Persian).
  17. Necdet B, Halil D. The examination of the relationship among organizational support, affective commitment and job satisfaction of hotel employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012, 51: 470–473.
  18. Olga E, Robin M. Transformational–transactional leadership and upward influence: The role of Relative Leader–Member Exchanges (RLMX) and Perceived Organizational Support (POS). The Leadership Quarterly. 2013, 24: 299–315.
  19. Peter C, Bart G, Johan W, Werner H. Offside decision making of assistant referees in the English Premier League: Impact of physical and perceptual-cognitive factors on match performance, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2010, 28(5): 471-481.
  20. Peter D, Stephen D. The influence of social pressure and nationality on individual decisions: Evidence from the behaviour of referees. Journal of Economic Psychology. 2010, 31: 181–191.
  21. Peterson A. Organizational support and job satisfaction of frontline clinical managers: The mediating role of work engagement. Graduate program in nursing, a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science, The University of Western Ontario, Canada. 2015.
  22. Philip F, Alex B, Chris E, Ana D. Ego depletion, attentional control, and decision making in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2013, 14: 900-904.
  23. Pittig A, Brand M, Pawlikowski M, Alpers GW. The cost of fear: avoidant decision making in a spider gambling task. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2014, 28: 326-334.
  24. Poursoltani H., Iraji Noghondar R. The Relationship between Organizational Socialization and Job Satisfaction of Employees of the General Education Organization of Khorasan Razavi Province in 2010. Sport management and motor behavior research, 2013, 15 :79-96. (Persian).
  25. René L. Facilitating Referee’s Decision Making in Sport via the Application of Technology. Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2010.545333, http: //www .ibimapublishing .com /journals/ CIBIMA/cibima.html. 2010.
  26. Stein MB, Paulus MP. Imbalance of approach and avoidance: the yin and yang of anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 2009, 66: 1072-1074.
  27. Yong-Ki L, YongSook N, Juwon C, Sally K, Sangho H, Jae-Han L. Why does franchisor social responsibility really matter?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2016, 53: 49–58.
  28. Yusuf C, Mehmet B, Fikret S, Serkan P. Turkish adaptation of soccer referee decision satisfaction scale (SRDSS). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014, 152: 756–760.