Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Master of Strategic Management in Sports Organizations / Guilan University
2 Assistant Professor of Sports Management / University of Guilan
3 Professor of Sports Management / University of Guilan
Abstract
The organizational integrity and cohesion provide a variety of benefits for the organization and its members, including the establishment of ethical norms, sustainable competitive advantage, commitment, unity and loyalty, honesty, etc. The aim of this research was to study the effect of organizational structure on the integration in the Ministry of Sport and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It was a descriptive-analytic research and in terms of the data-collection it was a field study. The statistical population included senior managers and key decision makers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth. The research tools were Robbins' (1991) organizational structure questionnaire and the researcher-made questionnaire of integration. The validity of these questionnaires was verified by 10 sport management specialists and their reliability was computed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. Modeling the relationship between variables was performed by structural equation model using smart-pls software. The results showed' that the relationship between organizational structure and integration is direct and significant (t = 5.44; P <0.05). In general, the results showed that the flexibility and empathy in the organic structure strengthens the integration in the Ministry of Sport and Youth.
Keywords
Aghasi Zadeh, F, Hosseini, S. M. Analysis of New Factors and Requirements for Organizational Structuring of Iranian Agricultural Extension, Research and Construction.1383; 17 (3) (Proceedings 64): 80-93. (Persian).
Asadi, H, Ghorbani, M. H. The Relationship between Mission and Organizational Integrity in the Experts of the Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Journal: Olympic. Winter 2008. 44; 59-70.
Aoyagi MW, Cox RH, McGuire RT. Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: Relationships with leadership, team cohesion, and athlete satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2008 Jan 29;20(1):25-41.
Beal DJ, Cohen RR, Burke MJ, McLendon CL. Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of applied psychology. 2003 Dec;88(6):989.
Brooks CJ. Classic sociological theory and the subprime mortgage industry: Marx, Weber and Durkheim in a contemporary context. American University; 2010.
Bowie NE. Organizational integrity and moral climates. The oxford handbook of business ethics. 2010 Jan 2:701-24.
Cameron KS, Bright D, Caza A. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist. 2004 Feb;47(6):766-90.
Carron AV, Brawley LR. Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Small group research. 2000 Feb;31(1):89-106.
Carron AV. Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport psychology. 1982 Jun 1;4(2).
Carvalho EJ. Puerto Rican Radical: The Effects of Neoliberalism on the Life and Work of Martín Espada.
Clarkson JA. Perceptions of leadership and integrity: A correlation of followers' assessments (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
Craib I. Modern social theory. Routledge; 2015 Aug 12.
Cummings TG, Worley CG. Organisation Development and Change (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College, 6th edn).
Darcy S, Maxwell H, Edwards M, Onyx J, Sherker S. More than a sport and volunteer organisation: Investigating social capital development in a sporting organisation. Sport Management Review. 2014 Nov 1;17(4):395-406.
De Backer M, Boen F, Ceux T, De Cuyper B, Høigaard R, Callens F, Fransen K, Broek GV. Do perceived justice and need support of the coach predict team identification and cohesion? Testing their relative importance among top volleyball and handball players in Belgium and Norway. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2011 Mar 1;12(2):192-201.
Druskat VU, Wheeler JV. Managing from the boundary: The effective leadership of self-managing work teams. Academy of Management Journal. 2003 Aug 1;46(4):435-57.
Elenkov DS. Effects of leadership on organizational performance in Russian companies. Journal of Business Research. 2002 Jun 1;55(6):467-80.
Elmose-Østerlund K, Seippel Ø, Llopis-Goig R, van der Roest JW, Adler Zwahlen J, Nagel S. Social integration in sports clubs: individual and organisational factors in a European context. European Journal for Sport and Society. 2019 Jul 3;16(3):268-90.
Ergeneli A, Arı GS, Metin S. Psychological empowerment and its relationship to trust in immediate managers. Journal of business research. 2007 Jan 1;60(1):41-9.
Eys M, Evans MB, Martin LJ, Ohlert J, Wolf SA, Van Bussel M, Steins C. Cohesion and performance for female and male sport teams. The Sport Psychologist. 2015 Jun 1;29(2):97-109.
Ghorbani Ghahfarkhi L, Kalani Nasab M, Yarahmadi M, Fathi F. The role of organizational structure in employing participatory management in Hormozgan General Directorate of Sports and Youth. Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports. 5 (1). 1397: 45-54.
Harun MZ, Mahmood RB. The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance: An empirical study of cooperatives movement in Malaysia. International Journal of Cooperative Studies. 2012;1(1):15-20.
Heidemann KA. Giving Voice to Language: Basque Language Activism and the Politics of Education in France, 1969-1994 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
Ivaskovic I. The effect of HRM quality on trust and team cohesion. Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe. 2014 Sep 1;16(3):337.
Kaiser A. Bridging social capital formation in a faith-based organization.
Kaptein M, Wempe JF. The balanced company: A theory of corporate integrity. Oxford University Press, USA; 2002.
Karssing ED. Morele competentie in organisaties. Koninklijke van Gorcum; 2001.
Karssing ED. Integriteit in de beroepspraktijk. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum; 2006.
Kayes DC, Stirling D, Nielsen TM. Building organizational integrity. Business Horizons. 2007 Jan 1;50(1):61-70.
Keller RT. Transformational leadership and the performance of research and development project groups. Journal of management. 1992 Sep;18(3):489-501.
Kiani, M, Shabani Bahar, Gh, Erfani, N. Development of organizational health model based on organizational virtue of employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports.1396. 4 (3); 95-107. (Persian).
Kolthoff E. The importance of integrity in the security profession: Bringing in human rights. Ethics and Security, The Hague, Eleven Publishing. 2010:39-55.
Kraatz MS, Block ES. Organizational implications of institutional pluralism. The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism. 2008 Mar 18;840:243-75.
Larmour P, Wolanin N. Introduction: Corruption and Anti-corruption. InCorruption and Anti-corruption 2001. Asia Pacific Press.
Li H, Zhang M. The development and validation of an organizational cohesion inventory. Frontiers of Business Research in China. 2010 Jan 1;4(4):653-84.
Majidi, A, Mohammadi Moghadam, Y, Ghasemi, F. The Impact of Organizational Structure on Performance Improvement - Deputy of Education, University of Law Enforcement Sciences. Quarterly Journal of Development, 1390; 6(21). (Persian).
Mintzberg, H. Organizing five effective models, translated by Abolhassan Faghihi and former Minister Hossein Vaziri, Publication of Public Management Training Center, Tehran.1979. (Persian).
Nazari, R, Smaeily, M. R, Zarei, A, Ashraf Ganjavi, F. Investigating the effect of organizational culture on organizational structure in the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports. 1395; 3 (4):57-66. (Persian).
Oliver LW, Harman J, Hoover E, Hayes SM, Pandhi NA. A quantitative integration of the military cohesion literature. Military Psychology. 1999 Jan 1;11(1):57-83.
Paine LS. Managing for organizational integrity. Harvard business review. 1994 Mar 1;72(2):106-17.
Parsons T. Theories of society foundations of modern sociological theory.
Paskevich DM, Brawley LR, Dorsch KD, Widmeyer WN. Relationship between collective efficacy and team cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 1999 Sep;3(3):210.
Patterson MM, Carron AV, Loughead TM. The influence of team norms on the cohesion–self-reported performance relationship: a multi-level analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2005 Jul 1;6(4):479-93.
Ramezani Nejad, R, Hemtianjad, M. A, Amirnejad, S, Bai, M. The Relationship between Participatory Culture and Stability with Organizational Formality and Cohesion of Golestan General Directorate of Sports and Youth, Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior. 1392. 9 (17);117-130. (Persian).
Reagans R, McEvily B. Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Administrative science quarterly. 2003 Jun;48(2):240-67.
Robbins, S. P. "Organization Theory: structure, design and applications". Translated by: H. Danayi fard and S. M. Alvani. Iran. Tehran. Saffar-Ashraghi publication.1988. (Persian).
Rocher G. Talcott Parsons et la sociologie américaine. Presses universitaires de France; 1972.
Rosenzweig ED, Roth AV, Dean Jr JW. The influence of an integration strategy on competitive capabilities and business performance: an exploratory study of consumer products manufacturers. Journal of operations management. 2003 Jul 1;21(4):437-56.
Rouf KA. The Impact of the Grameen Bank upon the Patriarchal Family and Community Relations of Women Borrowers in Bangladesh. University of Toronto; 2011.
Sapran AS. Exploiting cooperative movement strengths. Pelancar. 2010;37:10-1.
Shaw ME. Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior. McGraw-Hill College; 1981.
Shoham MD. The social ecology of influence: Communicating group boundaries. University of California, Santa Barbara; 2008.
Smith MJ, Arthur CA, Hardy J, Callow N, Williams D. Transformational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of intrateam communication. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2013 Mar 1;14(2):249-57.
Sundstrom E, De Meuse KP, Futrell D. Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American psychologist. 1990 Feb;45(2):120.
Turkzadeh, J, Abdsharifi, F. Predicting readiness for organizational change based on the perception of bank employees of the organizational structure type with the role of mediating organizational cohesion. Management Studies (Improvement and Transformation).1394; 24 (78);33-64. (Persian).
Turman PD. Coaches' immediacy behaviors as predictors of athletes' perceptions of satisfaction and team cohesion. Western Journal of Communication. 2008 May 20;72(2):162-79.
Vajdani, A, M. Investigating the Relationship between the Type of Organizational Structure, Organizational Cohesion and Attitudes Towards Organizational Change in the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization of Fars Province, M.Sc. Thesis, Payame Noor University, Fars Province - Shiraz Payam Noor Center.1395. (Persian).
Vargas-Hernández JG, León-Arias AD, Valdez-Zepeda A, Castillo-Girón V. Enhancing leadership integrity effectiveness strategy through the institutionalization of an organizational management integrity capacity systems. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR). 2012;1(3):94-130.
Verhezen P. The (ir) relevance of integrity in organizations. Public Integrity. 2008 Apr 1;10(2):133-.
Wang ET, Ying TC, Jiang JJ, Klein G. Group cohesion in organizational innovation: An empirical examination of ERP implementation. Information and Software Technology. 2006 Apr 1;48(4):23
West MA, Markiewicz L. Effective team working in health care. The Oxford handbook of health care management. 2016 Apr 7:231-54.
Aghasi Zadeh, F, Hosseini, S. M. Analysis of New Factors and Requirements for Organizational Structuring of Iranian Agricultural Extension, Research and Construction.1383; 17 (3) (Proceedings 64): 80-93. (Persian).
Asadi, H, Ghorbani, M. H. The Relationship between Mission and Organizational Integrity in the Experts of the Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Journal: Olympic. Winter 2008. 44; 59-70.
Aoyagi MW, Cox RH, McGuire RT. Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: Relationships with leadership, team cohesion, and athlete satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2008 Jan 29;20(1):25-41.
Beal DJ, Cohen RR, Burke MJ, McLendon CL. Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of applied psychology. 2003 Dec;88(6):989.
Brooks CJ. Classic sociological theory and the subprime mortgage industry: Marx, Weber and Durkheim in a contemporary context. American University; 2010.
Bowie NE. Organizational integrity and moral climates. The oxford handbook of business ethics. 2010 Jan 2:701-24.
Cameron KS, Bright D, Caza A. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist. 2004 Feb;47(6):766-90.
Carron AV, Brawley LR. Cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Small group research. 2000 Feb;31(1):89-106.
Carron AV. Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport psychology. 1982 Jun 1;4(2).
Carvalho EJ. Puerto Rican Radical: The Effects of Neoliberalism on the Life and Work of Martín Espada.
Clarkson JA. Perceptions of leadership and integrity: A correlation of followers' assessments (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
Craib I. Modern social theory. Routledge; 2015 Aug 12.
Cummings TG, Worley CG. Organisation Development and Change (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College, 6th edn).
Darcy S, Maxwell H, Edwards M, Onyx J, Sherker S. More than a sport and volunteer organisation: Investigating social capital development in a sporting organisation. Sport Management Review. 2014 Nov 1;17(4):395-406.
De Backer M, Boen F, Ceux T, De Cuyper B, Høigaard R, Callens F, Fransen K, Broek GV. Do perceived justice and need support of the coach predict team identification and cohesion? Testing their relative importance among top volleyball and handball players in Belgium and Norway. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2011 Mar 1;12(2):192-201.
Druskat VU, Wheeler JV. Managing from the boundary: The effective leadership of self-managing work teams. Academy of Management Journal. 2003 Aug 1;46(4):435-57.
Elenkov DS. Effects of leadership on organizational performance in Russian companies. Journal of Business Research. 2002 Jun 1;55(6):467-80.
Elmose-Østerlund K, Seippel Ø, Llopis-Goig R, van der Roest JW, Adler Zwahlen J, Nagel S. Social integration in sports clubs: individual and organisational factors in a European context. European Journal for Sport and Society. 2019 Jul 3;16(3):268-90.
Ergeneli A, Arı GS, Metin S. Psychological empowerment and its relationship to trust in immediate managers. Journal of business research. 2007 Jan 1;60(1):41-9.
Eys M, Evans MB, Martin LJ, Ohlert J, Wolf SA, Van Bussel M, Steins C. Cohesion and performance for female and male sport teams. The Sport Psychologist. 2015 Jun 1;29(2):97-109.
Ghorbani Ghahfarkhi L, Kalani Nasab M, Yarahmadi M, Fathi F. The role of organizational structure in employing participatory management in Hormozgan General Directorate of Sports and Youth. Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports. 5 (1). 1397: 45-54.
Harun MZ, Mahmood RB. The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance: An empirical study of cooperatives movement in Malaysia. International Journal of Cooperative Studies. 2012;1(1):15-20.
Heidemann KA. Giving Voice to Language: Basque Language Activism and the Politics of Education in France, 1969-1994 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
Ivaskovic I. The effect of HRM quality on trust and team cohesion. Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe. 2014 Sep 1;16(3):337.
Kaiser A. Bridging social capital formation in a faith-based organization.
Kaptein M, Wempe JF. The balanced company: A theory of corporate integrity. Oxford University Press, USA; 2002.
Karssing ED. Morele competentie in organisaties. Koninklijke van Gorcum; 2001.
Karssing ED. Integriteit in de beroepspraktijk. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum; 2006.
Kayes DC, Stirling D, Nielsen TM. Building organizational integrity. Business Horizons. 2007 Jan 1;50(1):61-70.
Keller RT. Transformational leadership and the performance of research and development project groups. Journal of management. 1992 Sep;18(3):489-501.
Kiani, M, Shabani Bahar, Gh, Erfani, N. Development of organizational health model based on organizational virtue of employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports.1396. 4 (3); 95-107. (Persian).
Kolthoff E. The importance of integrity in the security profession: Bringing in human rights. Ethics and Security, The Hague, Eleven Publishing. 2010:39-55.
Kraatz MS, Block ES. Organizational implications of institutional pluralism. The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism. 2008 Mar 18;840:243-75.
Larmour P, Wolanin N. Introduction: Corruption and Anti-corruption. InCorruption and Anti-corruption 2001. Asia Pacific Press.
Li H, Zhang M. The development and validation of an organizational cohesion inventory. Frontiers of Business Research in China. 2010 Jan 1;4(4):653-84.
Majidi, A, Mohammadi Moghadam, Y, Ghasemi, F. The Impact of Organizational Structure on Performance Improvement - Deputy of Education, University of Law Enforcement Sciences. Quarterly Journal of Development, 1390; 6(21). (Persian).
Mintzberg, H. Organizing five effective models, translated by Abolhassan Faghihi and former Minister Hossein Vaziri, Publication of Public Management Training Center, Tehran.1979. (Persian).
Nazari, R, Smaeily, M. R, Zarei, A, Ashraf Ganjavi, F. Investigating the effect of organizational culture on organizational structure in the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports. 1395; 3 (4):57-66. (Persian).
Oliver LW, Harman J, Hoover E, Hayes SM, Pandhi NA. A quantitative integration of the military cohesion literature. Military Psychology. 1999 Jan 1;11(1):57-83.
Paine LS. Managing for organizational integrity. Harvard business review. 1994 Mar 1;72(2):106-17.
Parsons T. Theories of society foundations of modern sociological theory.
Paskevich DM, Brawley LR, Dorsch KD, Widmeyer WN. Relationship between collective efficacy and team cohesion: Conceptual and measurement issues. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 1999 Sep;3(3):210.
Patterson MM, Carron AV, Loughead TM. The influence of team norms on the cohesion–self-reported performance relationship: a multi-level analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2005 Jul 1;6(4):479-93.
Ramezani Nejad, R, Hemtianjad, M. A, Amirnejad, S, Bai, M. The Relationship between Participatory Culture and Stability with Organizational Formality and Cohesion of Golestan General Directorate of Sports and Youth, Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior. 1392. 9 (17);117-130. (Persian).
Reagans R, McEvily B. Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Administrative science quarterly. 2003 Jun;48(2):240-67.
Robbins, S. P. "Organization Theory: structure, design and applications". Translated by: H. Danayi fard and S. M. Alvani. Iran. Tehran. Saffar-Ashraghi publication.1988. (Persian).
Rocher G. Talcott Parsons et la sociologie américaine. Presses universitaires de France; 1972.
Rosenzweig ED, Roth AV, Dean Jr JW. The influence of an integration strategy on competitive capabilities and business performance: an exploratory study of consumer products manufacturers. Journal of operations management. 2003 Jul 1;21(4):437-56.
Rouf KA. The Impact of the Grameen Bank upon the Patriarchal Family and Community Relations of Women Borrowers in Bangladesh. University of Toronto; 2011.
Sapran AS. Exploiting cooperative movement strengths. Pelancar. 2010;37:10-1.
Shaw ME. Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior. McGraw-Hill College; 1981.
Shoham MD. The social ecology of influence: Communicating group boundaries. University of California, Santa Barbara; 2008.
Smith MJ, Arthur CA, Hardy J, Callow N, Williams D. Transformational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of intrateam communication. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2013 Mar 1;14(2):249-57.
Sundstrom E, De Meuse KP, Futrell D. Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American psychologist. 1990 Feb;45(2):120.
Turkzadeh, J, Abdsharifi, F. Predicting readiness for organizational change based on the perception of bank employees of the organizational structure type with the role of mediating organizational cohesion. Management Studies (Improvement and Transformation).1394; 24 (78);33-64. (Persian).
Turman PD. Coaches' immediacy behaviors as predictors of athletes' perceptions of satisfaction and team cohesion. Western Journal of Communication. 2008 May 20;72(2):162-79.
Vajdani, A, M. Investigating the Relationship between the Type of Organizational Structure, Organizational Cohesion and Attitudes Towards Organizational Change in the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization of Fars Province, M.Sc. Thesis, Payame Noor University, Fars Province - Shiraz Payam Noor Center.1395. (Persian).
Vargas-Hernández JG, León-Arias AD, Valdez-Zepeda A, Castillo-Girón V. Enhancing leadership integrity effectiveness strategy through the institutionalization of an organizational management integrity capacity systems. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR). 2012;1(3):94-130.
Verhezen P. The (ir) relevance of integrity in organizations. Public Integrity. 2008 Apr 1;10(2):133-.
Wang ET, Ying TC, Jiang JJ, Klein G. Group cohesion in organizational innovation: An empirical examination of ERP implementation. Information and Software Technology. 2006 Apr 1;48(4):23
West MA, Markiewicz L. Effective team working in health care. The Oxford handbook of health care management. 2016 Apr 7:231-54.
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